This was a world that prioritized antique objects that could speak to aesthetic interests, mythological narratives, morality, the histories of great lives, and the administration of the state. The types of ancient objects that most elites and scholars collected and reproduced in drawings and prints tended to be sculptures, gems, and intaglios-especially those that could illustrate accounts from ancient literary texts. Likewise, they might collect finely wrought decorative or religious object that could verify or supplement ancient descriptions of sacred and profane practices.

The opus magnum of Bernard de Montfaucon- L'antiquité expliquée et représentée en figures (1719-24) -is illustrative of these tendencies. Published in ten volumes with five supplements, it integrated objects from collections throughout Europe. The first, concerned itself with the gods, temple architecture, and religious practices of the ancient Greeks and Romans as well as a number other related groups including the Egyptians, Persians, Scythians, Germans, Gauls, and Carthaginians. The second section focused on the practices of everyday life, including civic rituals. It examined clothing, furniture, marriages, games, festivals, and more. The third section discussed the practices of war, the nature of civic architecture (roads, bridges, aqueducts), as well as navigation and the construction ships.

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